First computerized grid mapping system harvard 1966

What quickly becomes apparent is that what Turing really questioned was if machines, and by machines, he meant computers, could do what we (as thinking entities) can do. To know if machines can indeed think, Turing points out we must first define machines and define thinking. In the seminal paper by Alan Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, he questioned, РІР‚Сљcan machines think?РІР‚Сњ Turing coined an evaluative exercise, the Turing test, to examine if a computer can be intelligent enough that another person interacting with it would believe the computer was a human ( Turing, 1950). While current technology such as IBMРІР‚в„ўs Watson seems so sophisticated as to be nearly unbelievable, the question of whether computers would ever reach, or exceed, the level of humans was posed many decades ago. Watson is one of many ways that technology is revolutionizing science and healthcare. WatsonРІР‚в„ўs cloud-based computing abilities allow for near instantaneous processing of complete medical records referenced against entire fields of medical research to inform diagnosis and treatment in ways far beyond the capacity of the human mind ( Zauderer et al., 2014). Given the scope of technology, the opportunity for widespread use of computerized treatments is currently possible.Р”Р‡or example, IMBs Watson, originally developed to test the limits of computing speed and accuracy by competing against the Jeopardy game show champions, has been adapted to the less flashy, albeit more meaningful, job of assisting physicians in the treatment of patients at Sloan Kettering Memorial Cancer Center. For example, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) reports that more than seven billion mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions are maintained worldwide and almost half of all people in the world use the internet ( ITU, 2014). The reach of technology has grown such that the opportunity to increase access has never been greater. Bickel, in Computer-Assisted and Web-Based Innovations in Psychology, Special Education, and Health, 2016 Frontiers in Computer Science And, in the case of the Turing Test, the standard is written linguistic communication (Shieber's term is РІР‚Вverbal behaviorРІР‚в„ў). Here, the interrogator is determining whether something has a certain feature (namely, a human level of intelligence) by seeing if it shares that feature with (i.e., if it can be measured against) another entity, which, by hypothesis, is a РІР‚ВstandardРІР‚в„ў for having that feature. 2.Р”Р„s Stuart Shieber (2004) points out, the interrogator's task is like that of someone determining whether something is 1Р’В m long by comparing it with a standard meter both items share the same length. One point of the Turing test is that if the pen pal were, in fact, a computer, still the human would not question its humanity (i.e., its human level of intelligence or its human ability to think). In real life, the human would be unlikely to doubt that the pen pal was a human. The two-entity version (interrogator and participant) is like the situation in which a human corresponds with a pen pal ( Harnad, 1989). The Turing Test has been likened to two, more familiar situations: 1. At the end of the century, in fact, several anthologies considered the status of Turing's prediction: Akman and Blackburn, 2000 Moor, 2000РІР‚вЂњ2001 Moor, 2003 Shieber, 2004.) (We will examine these two standards later in this essay. Turing's prediction was РІР‚Сљthat at the end of the century, the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradictedРІР‚Сњ ( Turing, 1950: 442). chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning.РІР‚Сњ Some researchers have complained that this sets the standard too low, but the actual statistical standard to be applied could easily be varied (e.g., 70% increased to 95%, 5 minutes increased to several months, etc.). Rapaport, in Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition), 2006 Passing the TestР”Р„s a standard for deciding whether a participant has passed the Test, Turing (1950: 442) proposed that РІР‚Сљan average interrogator will not have more than 70 per cent.

First computerized grid mapping system harvard 1966